Design of Case-control study - II Controls should be representative of the population from which the cases are recruited Cases and controls must be comparable in all factors that may be related to the disease except for presence of disease Controls can be chosen to match cases for certain important variables such as age, sex, etc = Matched Case-control design. Confounders & effect modifiers (covariates) 3 Exposures & Outcomes A major goal of epi research is to explain patterns of disease occurrence and causation (etiology) Epi measurements are aimed at quantifying 3 things: exposures, … Retrospective Conducted backward in time: past events. Table 1 lists epidemiological study designs and specific goals these can help achieve. Epidemiology Definition: By John M. Last in 1988 as, “ The study of the distribution and determinants of health –related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.” 3. Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Individuals Populations Clinical medicine Public health medicine. DEFINITION OF … Outcome. Our knowledge of molecular biology, cellular biology, physiology and pathology is a fundamental part of clinical medicine. Overview • Study Designs – Descriptive – Analytical •Observational •Experimental • Survey Development • EHR Data . Experimental studies – deliberate intervention is made and the effect of such intervention is observed. Types of epidemiological designs 1. Incidence studies. It generally describes an injury or injuries to one or two individuals that have been identified in a medical setting. Overview of Epidemiological Study Designs Madhukar Pai, MD, PhD McGill University madhukar.pai@mcgill.ca. Terms •Epidemic = Outbreak (Outbreak -> a sense of emergency, Epidemic -> a sense of wide spreading) •Cluster = an aggregation of cases in a given place & time •Pandemic = The epidemic that spreads over many countries or regions of the world •Endemic = A disease that normally occurs in an area . Epidemiological Study Designs Dr. M.M. Description of epidemiological study designs (adapted from Detels 8) The more appropriate the study design, the more convincing the evidence that will be produced. Epidemiological Study DesignsUnderstanding the differences among the types of epidemiological study designs is important for translating the results to public health practice. for epidemiological study designs, a topic about which there has been considerable debate over several dec-ades. There are two broad types of epidemiological studies: 1. !3! In this course, you will learn about the main epidemiological study designs, including cross-sectional and ecological studies, case-control and cohort studies, as well as the more complex nested case-control and case-cohort designs. A retrospective study is one where the study starts after the exposure (and probably outcome) has been ascertained. Case-control studies are particularly useful when you don’t have the luxury of waiting for a long follow-up period to conclude. A prospective study is one where the study starts before the exposure and outcome are ascertained. 2. The four main stud designs of epidemniology - cross sectional, cohort, case control and RCT are explained using a single example. Study Design Designing a research study is not a simple task. Questions to ask yourself • What is the population of interest? Seminar Objectives Provide an overview of different types of study designs. The case report is the most elementary study design in the literature. Once this distinction has been drawn, then the different epidemiological study designs differ primarily in the manner in which information is drawn from the source population and risk period. The 6 D’s of Health Outcomes Death Disease Discomfort Disability Dissatisfaction Destitution A bad outcome if Untimely A set of Symptoms, Signs and Lab results Symptoms such as pain, nausea and itching Impaired ability to go about usual activities Emotional reaction to disease and its care Financial … Causation is a term used in epidemiology and public health to describe etiology of a disease. In an experimental study design, researchers assign patients to intervention and control/comparison groups in an attempt to isolate the effects of the intervention. Epidemiological Study Designs, Survey Development & Capitalizing on EHR Data. .A presentation on epidemiological study designs.Epidemiological study designs 1. The study designs can be broadly classified as experimental or observational based on the approach used to assess whether exposure and an outcome are associated. View this table: View inline; View popup; Table 1 . In 2016, the Journal introduced a new section entitled “Study Design.” Manuscripts published in this section include those in which the designs, methods, and procedures of specific epidemiologic studies, particularly large and/or multicenter studies, are described. OUTLINE Definition of epidemiology Measures of disease frequency and association Study designs Descriptive studies Analytic studies Experimental (Randomized trials) Observational (Cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies) 2. Overview of Study Designs Kyoungmi Kim, Ph.D. July 13 & 20, 2016 This seminar is jointly supported by the following NIH-funded centers: We are video recording this seminar so please hold questions until the end. Epidemiological Study Designs -With One Example - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. View Study-Designs-ppt.pdf from NURSING 104 at University of Nairobi. 2 Exposures & Outcomes Exposure. STUDY DESIGNS - An Overview Dr Lipilekha Patnaik professor, Community Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan deemed to be University Bhubaneswar, ODISHA, INDIA E mail– drlipilekha@yahoo.co.in 1 8. Exposures & Outcomes 2 A major goal of epi research is causality Epi studies measure 3 things: exposures, confounders & outcomes Once quantified, the association between exposure and outcome is the central focus There are many ways of evaluating the association … Overview of Epidemiological Study Designs 1 Madhukar Pai, MD, PhD McGill University madhukar.pai@mcgill.ca. Cross-sectional, cohort and case control studies. Table 1 lists epidemiological study designs and specific goals these can help achieve. For this Discussion, you will identify and design epidemiological research studies. Prospective Conducted forward in time: into the future 2. Request PDF | On Apr 1, 2012, Neil Pearce published Classification of epidemiological study designs | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Timeframe of Studies Prospective Study looks forward, looks to the future, examines future events, follows a condition, concern or disease into the future time Study begins here. Especially for AYUSH reseachers Molecules What/why? Hence, only individuals who have experienced an event are included and all time invariant confounding is eliminated. Epidemiological studies can also be prospective or retrospective. through contaminated water, Snow’s efforts helped lay the foundation for modern epidemiological studies, which collect data and test hypotheses relative to a vast range of factors that affect diseases—from genetic variability to socioeconomic status—with the ultimate goal of improving public health. This module focuses on case-control studies, which is one of the best known epidemiological study designs. Types of Epidemiological Study Designs IV. The final module is dedicated to randomised controlled trials, which is often considered the optimal study design, especially in clinical research. Media reports may sensationalize results and overstate outcomes. Observational studies – we do not interfere in the process of the disease, but simply observe the disease and the associated factors. The more appropriate the study design, the more convin-cing the evidence that will be produced. Causation support diagnosis of disease such as by Incidence studies ideally measure exposures, confounders and outcome times of all population members. Epidemiological study design Paul Pharoah Department of Public Health and Primary Care . Each epidemiological study design has its merits and its weaknesses, and each is better suited to answering certain types of question. Just as the key elements and determinants of outcomes of war are fixed even before it is fought (i.e., at its planning stages), the success of a study is also largely determined at its initial planning stage. To prepare, review the Learning Resources about epidemiologic study designs. Acohort*study!isaformoflongitudinalobservationalstudy.Itbeginswithagroupofpeople! Successful studies need to address two important dimen- sions: reliability and validity. Based on media descriptions of the research, however, facts about the issue under study may appear less than obvious. Study Designs in Epidemiologic Research Thomas Songer, PhD Modified by Supercourse team * Descriptive study designs include case reports, case series, incidence studies, and ecologic studies. Study Design for Outbreak Investigation A workshop NPW, Myanmar, Nov 27-Dec 1, 2017 . • What is the research question? TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DESIGNS R.Malarvizhi 2. epidemiological study designs Irene Petersen,1 ,2 Ian Douglas,3 Heather Whitaker 4 The self controlled case series (SCCS) method is an epidemiological study design for which individuals act as their own control—ie, comparisons are made within individuals. Based on direction of follow-up/data collection: 1. PDF | On Sep 1, 2000, J M Stephenson and others published Overview of study design in clinical epidemiology | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Thanks. 11 In particular, recent advances in causal inference methodology have removed some of the previous postulated weaknesses of observational studies not being able to answer causal questions. Common study designs include case control, cohort, cross-sectional, and community intervention trials. Study designs, Epidemiological study design, Types of studies 1. See more at www.boardsbeyond.com. Mweu, MBChB Level V Epidemiology, 11 October, 2019 UoN School of Public OVERVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGN SPRING 2020 1 Kristin Wall, PhD Department of Epidemiology kmwall@emory.edu. In epidemiological study design, we study and discover the cause of a disease or other health outcomes. 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