Salmonella enterica subsp. Subspecies 1 of Salmonella enterica is responsible for almost all Salmonella infections of warm-blooded animals. Bacteriol. The significance of growth defects of the mutants compared to wild-type Salmonella was evaluated using the t test on logarithmically transformed CI data (expectation value CI = 1; log CI = 0). Taken together, these data confirmed and extended evidence for extensive Salmonella adaptation to various disease conditions by differential expression of specifically required genes. Some of these promoters are known to be active only within host cells (see below), suggesting that these small fluorescent populations could represent a few Salmonella cells that had been phagocytosed by host cells infiltrating the gut lumen or lamina propria cells that were later released from damaged villi (17, 34). J. Syst. J. Syst. Salmonella enterica (formerly Salmonella choleraesuis) is a rod-shaped, flagellate, facultative aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium and a species of the genus Salmonella. 2A). Salmonella Enterica Subsp. The flow cytometer was calibrated each time with previously established calibration standards (76). (1952) 2:2-8. Extracted Salmonella DNA was amplified/detected using real-time PCR on an ABI 7500 instrument (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA) with a kit of analyte-specific reagents for detection of S. enterica (Liferiver). Disease-dependent Salmonella promoter activities.To compare Salmonella gene expression during different disease conditions in the same host species, we combined the enteritis-associated promoters with 31 previously identified typhoid fever-associated promoters that were sorted for high in vivo activity (61), resulting in a set of 50 different Salmonella promoters with high in vivo activity (for promoter selection, see Materials and Methods; two promoters were isolated from both models). Description: Salmonellosis (non-typhoid) is an infectious disease caused by any serotype of bacteria in the genus Salmonella, other than Salmonella that causes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol. In brief, background fluorescence from other gut particles interfering with detection of GFP-expressing Salmonella was suppressed based on ratiometric comparison of green and orange emission intensities. Salmonella enterica, a Gram negative facultative intracellular bacterium, is one of the common causes of fecalâoral transmitted diseases (Buckle, Walker and Black 2012). The same trend of higher activity during enteritis was also observed with gfp_ova fusions to ribosomal promoters that we had previously identified in an unrelated project (Fig. [No PubMed record available.]. Int. B Biol. 1A). Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelbergis one of the common invasive nontyphoidal Salmonellaassociated with greater risk for severe disease [4, 5]. enterica Salmonella enterica subsp. Trans. Salmonella organisms were cultured in LB medium containing 0.4% NaCl to minimize detrimental effects of high GFP levels ⦠Microbiol. Incomplete annotation by gene prediction programs, as well as transcription of noncoding genome sequences, is not uncommon (68). All results from individual infection experiments are shown in Tables 1 and 2, and the observed ranges are shown in Fig. CDC estimates Salmonella bacteria cause about 1.35 million infections, 26,500 hospitalizations, and 420 deaths in the United States every year. [No PubMed record available. (1992) (reference with type strain information), Farmer JJ (1983) (reference relating to orthographic revision), Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource. 1 Serovars The yiaK operon and the putative operon STM2344-2340 encode carbohydrate uptake systems and utilization enzymes. Infection begins with the ingestion of contaminated food or water so that salmonellae reach the intestinal epithelium and trigger gastrointestinal disease. (1980) 30:225-420. HilD expression is only modestly regulated under different in vitro conditions (52), and HilD activity is diminished by direct interaction with HilE (4) suggesting that intracellular hilD transcription might not correlate with SPI-1 activity. Typhoid fever-specific genes.The vast majority of genes that were found to be associated with typhoid fever-specific promoters are known or potential virulence factors and reside in clusters of presumably horizontally acquired genes (âgenomic islandsâ) (data not shown). relevant scientific literature for the most reliable information. Moreover, semiquantitative activity measurements revealed that a surprisingly large proportion of the identified strong promoters were differentially regulated between enteritis and typhoid fever. nov., nom. Typically, people with salmonella infection have no symptoms. ], Smith, T. "The hog-cholera group of bacteria." Commonly expressed genes.Most of the commonly highly expressed genes have a physiological function. Only a few of these serovars are responsible for most Salmonella infections in humans and domestic animals. ⦠This work was supported in part by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB621-A9). (1984) (reference relating to orthographic revision), Skerman VBD et al. The mixtures were vigorously agitated at 37°C; after different time intervals, aliquots were removed and fixed in 2% formaldehyde in PBS. Put the genus and species in italics, followed by initially capped serotype in Roman (e.g., Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi). This reallocation of transcriptional activities to complementary functions closely corresponded to differential microenvironmental constraints, including competition with the host and other gut microorganisms for nutrients and low oxygen availability during enteritis and potent antimicrobial immune responses that impair intracellular Salmonella growth during typhoid fever. In particular, HilA (expressed from PhilA) and SipA and SipB (expressed from PsicA) are required for full Salmonella virulence in murine and/or bovine colitis models, suggesting that they are expressed in the gut (33, 69, 80). Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi can cause life-threatening bacterial infections called typhoid fever. In brief, sheared Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 genomic DNA fragments (each, 500 to 700 bp) were inserted upstream of a promoterless gfp_ova gene on a medium-copy-number plasmid. To further explore the relationship between disease-specific expression and function, we selected four previously uncharacterized Salmonella genes that were not associated with SPI-1, SPI-2, or PhoPQ. (1984) 34:508-511. U. S. Bur. Serovars of ⦠Donât let Salmonella make you or your loved ones sick. Both the primary annotation (53) and the somewhat different annotation of The Institute for Genomic Research (available at http://www.tigr.org Anyone can get a Salmonella infection, but some people are more likely to develop a serious illness, including children younger than 5, older adults, and people with immune systems weakened from a medical condition, such as diabetes, liver or kidney disease, and cancer or its treatment. Scientists classify Salmonella into serotypes (types) by identifying structures on the bacteriaâs surfaces. enterica serovar Typhi str. Some of these genes could also dominate gene expression in pathogenic bacteria during infection (45). Compared to background fluorescence, GFP-expressing Salmonella strains have a substantially higher green/orange emission ratio (14). Bacteriol. Similar data were obtained in three independent experiments. 1D, open triangles). ... Salmonella enterica subsp. Name: Salmonellosis. rev. Salmonella was named after Daniel ⦠For instance, the current nomenclature of Salmonella typhi is S enterica serovar Typhi. For each promoter, only the activity of the fusion with the smallest distance between insert end and start codon of the respective gene was measured. Bacteriol. With these limitations in mind, the overall analysis revealed a striking functional difference between the two different disease models. J. Syst. We used an episomal GFP_OVA promoter trap library in SL1344 with about 20-fold genome coverage that was previously described (61). The enterically expressed fhuACDB operon encodes a ferrichrome uptake system that utilizes ferrichrome siderophores produced by fungi (20). Bacteriol. 2A. Salmonella species cause a wide range of disease in multiple hosts. ASM journals are the most prominent publications in the field, delivering up-to-date and authoritative coverage of both basic and clinical microbiology. At different time intervals, GFP fluorescence was determined by flow cytometry. Outbreaks can occur, and there was a recent multistate foodborne outbreak in Australia. However, the available replicate data revealed a median coefficient of variation of 25% for promoter activity measurements in different mice (or 7% for the log-transformed values) (Fig. J. Syst. Methods: Here we describe a historical collection of 10,000 strains isolated between 1891-2010 in 73 different countries. Euzeby, J.P. "Revised Salmonella nomenclature: designation of Salmonella enterica (ex Kauffmann and Edwards 1952) Le Minor and Popoff 1987 sp. For six of these constructs, GFP expression in the native genomic context and copy number was sufficiently high for detection in duplicate experiments (Table 3), confirming the successful identification of promoters with exceptionally high in vivo activity (35). In addition, autoregulatory effects might occur for promoters PhilA, PlrhA, and Pstm4423 that drive expression of regulatory genes. The key regulator phoP and five other genes of the PhoPQ regulon (slyA, ugd, pagK2, virK, and mig-5) were found to be selectively expressed in the typhoid fever model. Keeping these limitations in mind, an unexpected large proportion of the 50 characterized promoters showed activities that differed substantially (up to several orders of magnitude) between the two disease models (âdisease-specific promotersâ) (Fig. Background: Most publicly available genomes of Salmonella enterica are from human disease in the US and the UK, or from domesticated animals in the US. (formerly Salmonella choleraesuis) SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE: ... malignancy, corrhosis, chronic granulomatous disease, sickle cell disease, lymphoproliferative disease, or collagen vascular disease) have a higher risk of developing bacteremia due to a Salmonella infection (4, 7). (B) Coefficient of variation of results obtained from repeated measurements of individual promoter-gfp_ova fusions in typhoid fever (spleen) and enteritis (cecum) models. In particular, we generated a mutant lacking the global anaerobiosis regulator fnr to test the combined relevance of several identified Fnr-dependent genes associated with anaerobic respiration and mixed acid fermentation that were selectively expressed during enteritis. nov., nom. For some promoter fusions with very high activity in the typhoid fever model, we also observed a small fraction of fluorescent Salmonella cells in the enteritis model (Table 2). The genus Salmonella consists of only 2 species: S. enterica (divided into 6 subspecies) and S. bongori. To evaluate this potential problem, streptomycin-treated mice (3) were infected with initially nonfluorescent stationary-phase Salmonella cells carrying a transcriptional gfp_ova fusion to the ribosomal promoter PrpsA (Fig. Most cases of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella infection (iNTS) are caused by Salmonella enterica Typhimurium or Salmonella enterica Enteritidis. Salmonella are properly designated using their serovar (which was often formerly a species name), so, for example, S. enterica subsp. Bacterial strains, Salmonella promoter trap library, and construction of mutants. Genetic map of S. enterica virulence loci (65a, 315, 316, 408a).Genomic islands are depicted on the chromosome relative to the positions of housekeeping genes or specific tRNAs. J. Syst. We have recently developed a modified differential fluorescence induction (72) technique that allowed identification of a large number of Salmonella enterica promoters with very high activity in infected spleen in a murine typhoid fever model, regardless of their in vitro activity (14, 61, 72). Salmonella enterica subsp. The overall functional profile of highly expressed genes suggests a marked shift in major transcriptional activities to nutrient utilization during enteritis or to fighting against the host during typhoid fever. Each cecum generally contained 107 to 108 CFU Salmonella cells and showed typical signs of inflammation that are dependent on functional hilA (data not shown), as observed previously for C57BL/6 mice (3). Properties of disease-specific and commonly expressed genes. Database (Oxford). 2A). Promoters with undetectable expression in one of the disease models were assumed to have median expression values of about a quarter of the respective detection thresholds, based on the typical bandwidths of GFP measurements. From the pooled cecal contents of three Salmonella library-infected mice, 40,000 Salmonella cells containing >20,000 GFP_OVA molecules were sorted and cultivated on agar plates. We also tested mutants lacking the putative hemolysin yaoF or the periplasmic chorismate mutase aroQ, which were both selectively expressed during typhoid fever, and a mutant that lacked the riboflavin biosynthesis gene ribB with high expression in both disease models. Many of the pathogenic serovars of the S. enterica species are in this subspecies, including that responsible for typhoid. Outbreaks can occur, and there was a recent multistate foodborne outbreak in Australia. This comparison is further limited by analyzing only a single time point per disease model. In some patients the infection spreads ⦠(1999) 49:927-930. Two days (enteritis) or 5 days (typhoid fever) postinfection, mice were killed and the CFU numbers in the cecum or spleen were determined for both wild-type and mutant strains by plating on selective media. The riboflavin biosynthesis gene ribB was essential in both disease models, in agreement with its expression pattern. Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum is the causative agent of pullorum disease in poultry, an acute systemic disease more common in young birds. For the typhoid fever model, mice were systemically infected with 100 to 200 CFU by tail vain injection. However, the functional relevance of these negative flagella gene regulators in the murine colitis model remained unclear, since we also found high levels of enteric expression of the flhDC operon encoding the master regulator of class II flagellar genes and expression of the major flagellin gene fliC (data not shown). 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